The Mayan Culture - 1090 Words

Mayan culture was one of the most complex civilizations of the Mesoamerican societies. Mayans are well-known for their refined mathematical and astronomical system, monumental architecture, and astonishing artworks. I will not focus on specific artwork and writing but the context in general. I have obtained great facts upon Mayan culture and writings. The ingenuous data that I will be discussing can be found in the book titled â€Å"The Hidden Maya†, a short text consisting of veiled information upon the survival and aspects of Mayan culture. The significant author of this book is Martin Brennan. The publication of this monograph was brought about in the year 1998 of Bear Company Publishing in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Brennan strong interests of the Mayan culture lead him to Mexico into learning about the Mayans writings and artworks which then later lead him into studying prehistoric rituals and inscriptions (Brennan, 1998, p.275). In case of unawareness, Mayans take great wort hiness for being the only Native American society to develop a written language and also great recognition for their architecture and mathematical techniques. While gathering information about Mayans culture and art, Brennan learned that every sculpture, glyph, artifacts, etc. all signified inexplicable hand signs and messages (Brennan, 1998, p.275). Martin Brennan focused on the illustrious Mayans creations, Gods and heroes, writings, and most importantly their values and customs which are all symbolizedShow MoreRelatedHistory of Mayan Culture1499 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Mayan Culture The mysterious culture of ancient Maya once covered a vast geographic area in Central and South America. Their civilization extended to parts of what are now Mexico, Honduras, and El Salvador, and most of Guatemala and Belize. The Mayans first settled in 1500BC. The Mayans environment consisted of tropical rainforests, which was also one of their main sources of resources, they turned the jungles into great cities. The rainforest would provide them with food, clothing,Read MoreThe Mayan Culture and Mathematics526 Words   |  2 PagesMayan Base 20, is an example in which most cultures should have followed but decided not to, in many cases, based on the mathematics that were used in the Mayan culture they were far more advanced than any other culture seen. Their functions and ability to create a calendar that is far more accurate than the one we currently use today, are often looked upon. Based on recorded data, the Roman Numeral Arithmetic might be hard to use for addition, division, subtraction and multiplication; but it isRead MoreMayan Civilization and Culture1077 Words   |  5 Pages The Ancient Mayan civilization contained nearly two-thirds of Mesoamerica. The area included mostly volcanic mountains to porous limestone, also referred to as the lowlands in the more central regions. Mayan civilization extended from Belize and Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula in the north, to Honduras in the south. What made the Mayans stand out to me the most, were their complex societies, which were built and modernized far ahead of its time in a tropical rainforest climate (Aissen, 1992). NormallyRead MoreThe Mayans And Traditional Culture1177 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mayans try to preserve their traditional culture. Traditional culture is ways of life and customs handed down from ancestors. Mayan homes are one room, and made out of brick or mud called adobe. They are simple , with packed Earth floors and little furniture. The family might have a table and chairs, and hammocks for sleeping. There is a cook fire in the middle of the home, with clay pots around it. The most important thing in the traditional Mayan home is a family altar, for religious worshipRead MoreThe Mayan Culture Of Mesoamerica1840 Words   |  8 Pagesarea in which the ancient Maya had lived, and is the area where modern Mayans are still reside. According to Coe, the Mayan geographic can range from Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Yucatan Peninsula, and the Mexican States of Chiapas and Tabasco (1966:17). Yet these areas are not limited to just Mayan. Many structural architecture remains today has proven the complexity of the Mayan culture in Mesoamerica. The Mayan history consisted of three main phases. The Preclassic period, the ClassicRead MoreThe Mayan Civilization and Culture1438 Words   |  6 Pages​Many of the cultures that we have today have evolved from past events. Such as language it was something that became known throughout the years. Some of the languages that came from that were English, Spanish, German, and Latin to name a few. These languages were derived more past civilizations. One important civilization that is known for having great success is the Mayan civilization. The Mayan civilization is known for many things like they fully developed written language, art, architectureRead MoreSimilarities Between Mayans And Ancient Cultures881 Words   |  4 PagesMayans are probably best known for their prediction of the world’s end in 2012 or their other various predictions of what might take place in today’s culture; some of which have come true some of which have not. The Mayans were certainly a very intelligent and interesting culture. From their belief in multiple gods to their practices of human sacrifice the Mayans took their beliefs and their religion very seriously. Mayan religion revolved around astronomy, nature and rituals. Like many other ancientRead MoreThe History of Zero: Indian and Mayan Cultures726 Words   |  3 PagesZero is usually recognized today as being originated in two geographically separated cultures: the Maya and Indian. If zero was a place-holder symbol, then such a zero was present in the Babylonian positional number system before the first recorded occurrence of the Indian zero. If zero was represented by an empty space within a well-defined positional number system, such a zero was present in Chinese mathematics a few centuries before the beginning of the Common Era. The absence of a symbol forRead MoreAspects of the Mayan Culture Essay573 Words   |  3 PagesClass structure, warfare, family life, religious practices, and agriculture are all aspects of the Maya’s culture. There are three main periods during the Maya’s time. Pre-classic, classic, and post-classic. The Maya accomplished the most during the classic period. Later on the Maya disappeared and scientist only have a couple of theories on what happened. The first aspect of the Maya’s culture is their class structure. At the top is the ruler. The ruler and his family had all the authority. The priestsRead MoreMayan Culture vs. the Seven Dimensions of Religion1038 Words   |  5 PagesMayan Culture vs. the Seven Dimensions of Religion Since the dawn of humanity, human beings have been contemplating the meaning of life, searching for answers to make sense of their existence. Even ancient people tried to answer the same taunting questions about their purpose on earth and the questions about the world, which people nowadays search for. Thus, in seeking the answers, ancient people created religions, usually based on their understanding of cosmology. Cosmology is a general understanding

My Personal Statement On My Life - 1192 Words

Sitting at my desk on a Monday afternoon, I’ve suddenly become very aware of how loud I’m tapping on my keyboard. Typing up my weekly summary should have held all my focus but instead my mind got caught in the thought of â€Å"What if?†. What if I took the risk of quitting my job to go pursue what I really wanted to do? At the time I quickly waved the concept off of my mind because I did not know that it was an actual possibility. But no matter the effort of blocking the thought, the same recurring question kept prying open my curiosity. I used to be a firm believer of finding a career that connects with your own passions and values, yet the twists of life can lead a person to abandon those dreams in order to be able to provide for themselves and their families. I am one of the lucky individuals who found support within my family to pursue what I really want. For me that dream is to one day establish my own business that helps bring exposure to the foods and cult ure of my birthplace. Starting a business to me is freedom, the freedom to make your own decisions. I personally believe that business can have a different purpose other than capital gain, business holds the power of being able to affect positive change within your community in a field where you are most passionate. An education that will help me achieve my goals of opening up a community business is beyond valuable: it is something that can help me make wise decisions that will equip me with the right knowledge to beShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Statement On My Life869 Words   |  4 Pagescrazy how a minute detail can change the entire outcome a situation. Life has many hardships, I for one believe that it is these hardships that shapes us into what we are today. I was about ten years old but had the mentality of a four year old boy. Mostly cried when I was denied a toy or grounded for being mischievous. Like every other week I would grind my way into emotionally blackmailing my pa rents to allow me to go to my friends place and then go the extra mile to stay as long as possible.Read MoreMy Personal Statement On My Life878 Words   |  4 PagesOne day when I came home from school, I wanted to say hello to my step dad but he was in the shower. Therefore, I went straight to my room without saying hello to him. After a few minutes I heard the shower turn off in the bathroom. When he opened the bathroom door I heard him yelling my name, so I quickly ran to him to see if he was ok.When I saw him he told me he did not feel good and could not walk. I told him to stop playing around because he always joked about his health. But he told me he wasRead MoreMy Personal Statement On My Life918 Words   |  4 Pagesreceiving my associate’s degree in applied science. My journey to obtain my associates has not been easy. Nevertheless, I am accomplishing my goal and over the moon to be doing so. I did not plan to get my associates, I had originally planned just to by pass it completely and move on to get a bachelor in biology, however my health had other plans in mind. My health complications forced me to change my perspective on my life and to reconstruct how I prioritized everything in my life. My dream is toRead MoreMy Personal Statement On My Life945 Words   |  4 Pagestennis practice, I saw my parents talking to each other in the same room; which was unusual, considering they have not spoken with each other since their divorce, and typically begin to argue when they communicate. They told me to have a seat on the pew of my piano because they had something important to address. My father had opened the conversation with one question: Do you know what you re going to do when we re no longer here to support you? I sat there contemplating what my answer will be, butRead MorePersonal Statement : My Life998 Words   |  4 Pages Personal Statement ï » ¿ ï » ¿ ï » ¿Ã¯ » ¿I was born in the historical city of Patiala, town in northern part of India. All my ancestors right until my father have been businessmen. Due to early demise of my Grandfather my father had to take over his clothing business in his early 20 s. He could not complete his studies due to responsibilities he had toRead MoreMy Personal Statement On My Life1110 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough the plethora of papers sitting on my desk, hoping to find the career pamphlet that tells me who I am and what I am supposed to be doing with my life, I realize that no one other than myself can answer â€Å"Who am I? Who am I in the process of becoming?† As I begin to map out my future in accordance with my interests and career goals, I realize how lending a helping hand and acting as role models for others have been an essential part of my daily life. I aspire to impact the lives of others, asRead MoreMy Personal Statement On My Life1002 Words   |  5 PagesOnce I’d made my list it took me a while to become willing. Just as doing anything about my drinking or my character defects, my willingness to make proper amends only came when I was hurting, when I was disturbed enough to become willing to do something about it. That my drinking, character defects and harms done affected other people was no prompt to get me into action. I became motivated not because an amend was due but because I was hurting. Am I selfish, self-seeking and self-centred? Yes youRead MoreMy Personal Statement On My Life1526 Words   |  7 PagesThe light from the warm sun streamed through the blinds and bounced off my eyelids as my obnoxious alarm yelled to me that it was time for school. I refused to believe that I had to awake from my fantasy dreams and move out of my heavenly bed, so I aggressively snagged my phone to press snooze, for the fifth time of course. Getting up for school has always been a dying task for me. The thought of leaving my toasty hot blankets and actually getting ready to go to a place that looked like a filthyRead MoreMy Personal Statement On My Life1374 Words   |  6 Pagesdo anything I put my mind to if I was willing to put forth the effort. My parents played the essential role of providing resources that would instill a good work ethic and passion in me. While my options are limitless, I have spent most of my academic career preparing me for a future in scientific research and academia. Enumerable factors have molded me into the passionate person that I am today, so the answer to â€Å"Who are you?† is not simple but is rather a culmination of life experiences. I learnedRead MoreMy Personal Statement On My Life872 Words   |  4 Pagesthat adds to my identity is that I am a female, long hair, voice, and I wear makeup. I feel like it is also obvious that I have anxiety. I tend to exhibit a lot of anxious actions and I believe that is pretty easy for people to spot out. My parental duties make me feel different. I have two children, (Maelee, Kyrie) one of which has a lot of medical issues and autism. I feel different compared to the other parents because when I attend public functions, I usually can only take my youngest daughter

Program Development and Evaluation

Question: Discuss about the Program Development and Evaluation. Answer: Problem identified in Greater Dandenong Obesity is the accumulation of excess fat in the body (Marini Stebnick, 2012). An overweight person is obese. Obesity is usually determined through Body Mass Index. Ones height should match their weight. In Greater Dandenong, statistics shows that obesity is a major concern. Cases of the disease have been increasing gradually over the recent years. It is a problem not only health wise but also to Dandenong's population. Statistics show that 23% of children in Australia are obese, one in every four people are obese (Marini Stebnick, 2012). The above chart indicates that about 28% of residents in Dandenong suffer from obesity. 28% represents about 30000. Realistically, having almost 30% of the population suffering from one disease is a significant problem. The above statistics were taken in 2011 (Davies Fitzgerald, 2008). By 2016, the figure has risen to 43%. Obesity causes some health implications. They include; Gall bladder disease, hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, stroke, gout, breast and uterine cancer. Obesity is a lifestyle disease. I believe that it can be mitigated by consuming foods that have less fat concentration. It is sad that most people affected by the illness are the youth. Many people find consuming ready foods such as sausages, burgers more delicious and easier to fix compared to vegetables and fruits. People should choose what they consume carefully. The above chart shows the number of adults who suffer from obesity. It is clear that females in their younger age (18-24) have the disorder in a larger number compared to men. It is because girls in this age have a high appetite compared to any other levels in their life. Brief description of the type of information/ evidence that were accessed. Explain the sources this information was found If unable to collect all necessary information explain why The target population that is affected by obesity. Gathering information was done from relevant books and journals. The references are done at the end of this paper The obesity power point document has relevant information on target population. I have successfully gathered all necessary information about people suffering from obesity. Causes of obesity Power point document Relevant books and journals. I did not clearly elaborate on all causes of obesity due to limitation of words. Solutions to obesity Power point presentation Relevant internet articles and books I did not clearly elaborate on all causes of obesity due to limitation of words. Obesity is a common disorder (Bouchard, 2000). There are many sources of information about obesity. I have acquired information from different websites, books and power point presentation provided. The most crucial information collected was on the preventive measures of obesity. I believe it is the most important because it offers solutions to those suffering from this disorder and it also prevents many people from having this disease. It shows that it is a curable disease and if we improved our lifestyles, we would save the world (Bouchard, 2000). All information in this article is quite useful it indicates that obesity is a matter we should look into seriously and how to take care of our loved ones suffering from the syndrome. I believe it plays a significant role in giving procedures on how to deal with such an instance. It is also an important article because it reveals and gives numbers on how many people are suffering from this disease. It shows that it is a matter that needs u rgent attention. I believe that I have exhausted all information necessary for this research project. On the other hand, I also feel that I have not given all information on the possible solution to this problem. There are many solutions to obesity, preventive measures and causes of the diseases that are not tackled in this paper. The reason behind this is due to limited time to research and limited words. What causes obesity? Improper diet is the primary cause of obesity. Most of the foods we consume are one of the leading causes of obesity. Sometimes, people choose to eat outside rather than making food in the house. Snaking makes people eat food in large quantities than required. It also makes one consume foods with a lot of caloric content (Campos, 2004). It is important to watch what we eat. If possible, we should snack rarely and make meals at home. Some prescriptions are one of the leading causes of obesity. Medicines can make one add weight gradually; for instance, anti-depressants, ARV drugs, and multi-vitamin drugs (Campos, 2004). Such medications make the body retain a lot of water hence leading to the disorder in question. Medical issues such as stress may contribute to obesity. Research shows that most people are likely to consume contents high on fats when they are stressed up. They are also likely to add weight uncontrollably even if they skip meals. Social factors; Obesity is a disease that is common in all clusters of life. Poverty may be one of the leading causes of obesity. Taking an instance of French fries, they are cheap and readily available. For this reason, poverty may lead to opting for more inexpensive meals that are locally available; such foods have a high caloric content and are unhealthy (Campos, 2004). A classy lifestyle of consuming readily available foods such as sausages and burgers for breakfast, soft drinks and a pie for lunch and sandwiches and a beer for supper would lead to obesity as fast as possible. No matter the social class we belong to, we should try consuming healthy foods. One can minimize the risk of this disorder by engaging in physical activities. In other cases, obesity is genetic. Some people acquire it because someone in the family has the obesity gene. Scientifically, everyones one body stores fat differently (Campos, 2004). Some bodies emulsify fats quickly than others, those that do not emulsify significant result to obesity in the life of the individual. Obesity has been rising gradually over the tears mainly due to lifestyle (Campos, 2004). It is clear that today lifestyle diseases are more compared to natural occurring ones. In every four people has a way of life condition. Use of chemicals is growing most foods. Those chemicals later utter the proper functioning of our bodies that then result to a disorder. Most people are also busy building careers, making as much money as they can, lazing around and traveling around that they even lack time to fix a good meal for themselves. It is sad that many people opt to snack rather than have a balanced diet meal (Pearce Witten , 2010). For this reason, obesity is a great generation to this generation. Impact of obesity The impact of obesity on society is immeasurable (Pearce Witten , 2010). It affects almost all aspects of life. It has a high impact on health, education, social and economic consequences. Health wise; in adults, it is one of the leading causes of other diseases that are deadly and very painful. These conditions include; Stroke, diabetes, hypertension, uterine and gallbladder cancer, gout and much more (Pearce Witten , 2010). I believe all these are controllable if we watch what we eat. Obesity is considered to reduce life expectancy by eight to ten years. It reduces life expectancy because it reduces body metabolic rates. The body organs fail to function normally leading the body to retain additional water and waste (Pearce Witten , 2010). In children; it leads to the prematurity and high mortality rate. In most cases, it leads to psychological and mental disorders as it makes these kids get discriminated and pushed away by their peers. Most people who suffer from obesity are known to perform poorly in school. It is evident that these children perform poorly because they experience bullying, teasing and discrimination (Pearce Witten , 2010). Severe obesity condition may result to patients needing a specialized health care and services. These services are daycare services, home care services, and financial support (Pearce Witten , 2010). Obesity mainly affects a particular target group. It is more common in Females and young people(Heinberg Thompson, 2007). It mainly affects children and young people because they tend to consume more snacks and high-calorie foods. Children prefer consuming meals compared to home cooked foods. For this reason, they are a great risk to suffer from obesity. Those who are aged between 70-75, women in most cases suffer from the disorder. At this age, people are less active because of their old age (Heinberg Thompson, 2007). They consume a lot of food but engage in a less physical activity. Obesity is common to those people who eat and fail to perform physical activity. We should exercise regularly to ensure that metabolic processes take place in the right way. Ways to reduce obesity. The Australian Government has come up with local and state programs that create awareness on people's BMI (Heinberg Thompson, 2007). Most of these programs are free hence all citizens get a chance to know how to improve their BMI. People should also watch what they eat. It is paramount to eat food that has fewer calories contents. Balance diet is the solution to not suffering from obesity. People who have a balanced diet are unlikely to suffer from lifestyle diseases. When we watch we eat, we will leave a healthy life. Another way of reducing diabetes cases is by making sure we exercise regularly. Practice makes sure that metabolic activities run in the body regularly and in the right way. Free walks are usually organized in different countries to ensure that people exercise. It is important to reduce stress and improve sleeping habits. Our body should have enough time to rest to make sure that all body processes have time to take place without interference. Instead of taking stress relievers, it is important to look for natural methods to reduce stress (Blass, 2008). It is sad that people are aware of these procedures of fighting obesity, but they are unwilling to follow them. Obesity cases have been rising over years because of ignorance. I believe that prevention is better than cure (Blass, 2008). Solutions to address this problem; I believe that all problems have solutions. In obesity, there are many solutions. First of all, it is paramount to provide necessary information about the disease (Fung, 2016). It mainly focuses on info about consuming a balanced diet. Some people are not aware on how to balance their foods. Providing necessary information on food science and nutrition is, therefore, paramount. Ignorance is bliss: we may ignore the fact that everyone is aware of taking a balanced diet which is not the case. According to research, it is much affordable to have a balanced food on the table rather than junk. It is evident that people who watch what they eat have a lengthy life span and a healthier one. Physical activity is quite crucial in everybodys life. Food fails to digest properly due to lack of exercise (Fung, 2016). It is evident that people who take a long walk, jog or do any form of exercise have healthier bodies and they are unlikely to suffer from lifestyle diseases, unlike those that do none of the above (Fung, 2016). Some of these diseases come about because fat is not emulsified in our bodies. We fail to give our bodies time and condition for the necessary metabolic reactions to take place. In conclusion, obesity is a disorder that can happen to anyone. We can watch what we eat, do exercises daily and try to live right but still get the disease. For this reason, we should not discriminate anyone with this disorder. On the other hand, prevention is better than cure. It is, therefore, important if we tried to live right, exercise regularly and do what is necessary to maintain our bodies. For those suffering from the disease, there are solutions to the problem. Obesity is not a permanent disorder. References Marini, I., Stebnicki, M. (2012).The Psychological and Social Impact of Illness and Disability. New York, Springer Pub. Co. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=888781. Davies, H. D., Fitzgerald, H. E. (2008).Obesity in childhood and adolescence. Westport, Conn, Praeger. BOUCHARD, C. (2000).Physical activity and obesity. Champaign, Ill, Human Kinetics. Wolin, K. Y., Petrelli, J. M. (2009).Obesity. Santa Barbara, Calif, Greenwood Press. CAMPOS, P. F. (2004).The obesity myth: why America's obsession with weight is hazardous to your health. New York, Gotham Books. Consultation On Obesity, Who Consultation On Obesity. (2000).Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic : report of a WHO consultation ; [Consultation on Obesity, 1997 Geneva, Switzerland]. Geneva, World Health Organization. Blackburn, G. L., Kanders, B. S. (1994).Obesity: pathophysiology, psychology, and treatment. New York, NY, Chapman Hall. FUNG, J. (2016).The obesity code: unlocking the secrets of weight loss. https://lib.myilibrary.com?id=902555. PEARCE, J., WITTEN, K. (2010).Geographies of obesity: environmental understandings of the obesity epidemic. Farnham, Surrey, Ashgate. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=483649. HEINBERG, L. J., THOMPSON, J. K. (2009).Obesity in youth: causes, consequences, and cures. Washington, DC, American Psychological Association BLASS, E. M. (2008).Obesity: causes, mechanisms, prevention, and treatment. Sunderland, MA, Sinauer Associates.

Preserving Flowers Essays - Floristry, Flower Preservation, Flower

Preserving Flowers As evidenced by the discovery of preserved flowers in ancient Egyptian tombs, people have for centuries engaged in the art of preserving flowers. Today, a large variety of annuals, biennials and perennials are successfully preserved. Because properly dried flowers can persist for years after harvesting, they are often referred to as everlastings or immortelles. To ascertain the optimum growing conditions and harvesting time for a particular species, one should not rely solely on books or articles. Experienced growers will frequently be the best sources of information. In general, flowering plants require ample sunlight, good drainage and a growing season with a minimum of 80 days. Harvesting flowers at the appropriate time is critical. Flowers which are without blemishes, insects or diseases should be picked on mornings of low humidity after the dew has evaporated from the petals. Several techniques can be utilized to remove moisture from the collected flowers. The simplest method is to tie a rubber band around a bunch of flowers after their leaves have been removed, and to hang them upside down out of direct sunlight in a dry, well-ventilated attic, closet or garage. Ideally, the drying area should have a temperature between 60 and 80 F and a humidity rate less than 60%. Another method is to place the flowers in a container and to cover them with clean, fine sand, or a mixture of borax and cornmeal, or a nonchlorophyll kitty litter. These inexpensive substances provide the flowers with support, enabling them to maintain their shape while they dry naturally. A more costly method is to use an airtight container and to cover the flowers with silica gel, a desiccant, which not only provides support to the flowers but also removes moisture from them. Overall, the more rapidly flowers dry, the less likely they are to become moldy and the more vivid their colors remain. The drying process can be further accelerated by placing the container in a microwave oven or by applying heat. Depending on the method chosen and the particular plant material being preserved, drying time may take between one and four weeks. The uses of preserved flowers are limited only by one's imagination. They are popular in floral arrangements, wreaths, bouquets, potpourri and corsages. (NOTE: Call numbers are given for items owned by NAL.) BASIC FLOWER DRYING JOURNAL ARTICLES ---------------- Alden, Janice. 1979. "They are beautiful dried, too." AFRICAN VIOLET MAGAZINE. 32(4, pt. 1): 16-17. NAL Call No.: 80.AF8 Bennett, Jennifer. 1985. "The dried flowers of Hedgehog Hill." HORTICULTURE. 63(8): 44-47, 49-51. NAL Call No.: 80.H787 Emerson, William J. 1979. "Drying flowers in a microware oven." THE PRAIRIE GARDEN. 36: 96-97. NAL Call No.: 80.W73 Loebel, JoAnn Schowalter. 1987. "Flowers for drying: everlasting perennials." AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST. 66(10): 10-13. NAL Call No.: 80.N216 Nau, Jim. 1989. "A flower grower's bibliography: basic references." GATHERINGS: THE CUT FLOWER QUARTERLY. 1(1):2-3. O'Neil, Sunny. 1988. "An exciting new way to dry flowers." FLOWERLETTER. 5(3): 1-2. "Onions that produce flowers, beautiful to bizarre, fresh or dried." 1987. SUNSET (CENTRAL WEST EDITION). 179(5): 233. NAL Call No.: 110.SU7 Petersons, Hedviga V. 1981. "Drying and preserving flowers." FACTSHEET. ONTARIO MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD. No. 81-016. NAL Call No.: S155.A105 Proulx, E. A. 1984. "Dried and true." HORTICULTURE. 62(8): 24-28, 30. NAL Call No.: 80.H787 Reilly, Ann. 1984. "Plan/plant now for your dried flowers." FLOWER AND GARDEN. 28(2): 26-28. NAL Call No.: SB403.F5 Russell, A. Brooke. 1987. "How-to hints for July gardeners: dried florals capture summer's glory." AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST. 66(7): 8, 10-11. NAL Call No.: 80.N216 Sheffield, Richard R. 1980. "Plant everlastings for year-round enjoyment." ORGANIC GARDENING. 27(1): 186-188. NAL Call No.: 57.8.OR32 Swan, Joyce. 1988. "Everlastings: flowers that keep on giving." FLOWER AND GARDEN. 32(3): 38-39. NAL Call No.: SB403.F5 BOOKS ----- COMMERCIAL FIELD PRODUCTION OF CUT AND DRIED FLOWERS: A NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM. Sponsored by The Center for Alternative Crops and Products, University of Minnesota and The American Society of Horticultural Science, December 6-8, 1988. [Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota?, 1988?]. NAL Call No.: SB442.85.C6 Conder, Susan. DRIED FLOWERS: DRYING AND ARRANGING. Boston: David R. Godine, 1988. (ISBN 0-87923-719-8). Condon, Geneal. THE COMPLETE BOOK OF FLOWER PRESERVATION. Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1982. (ISBN 0-87108-618-2). [Out of Print] Embertson, Jane. PODS: WILDFLOWERS AND WEEDS IN THEIR FINAL BEAUTY; GREAT LAKES REGION, NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES AND ADJACENT CANADA AND AREAS WHERE FROST AND FREEZE ARE COMMON. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons,

Chemistry Coursework Essay Example

Chemistry Coursework Essay Example Chemistry Coursework Essay Chemistry Coursework Essay The reactivity series is a chart showing the order that metals react with other substances. This reactivity series was determined by carrying out experiments to see how each metal reacts. The reactions are done with air, water and dilute acid.The reactivity series:Potassium (k)Sodium (Na)Calcium (Cl)Magnesium (Mg)Aluminum (Al)(Carbon)Zinc (Zn)Iron (Fe)Lead (Pb)(Hydrogen)Copper (Cu)Silver (Ag)Gold (Au)Platinum (Pt)Metals extracted by electrolysis.Metals extracted by using reduction with carbon (carbon monoxide)These metals dont react with water or acid.Exothermic and Endothermic reactions:In an exothermic reaction heat is given OUT. An exothermic reaction is one which gives out energy to the surroundings, usually in the form of heat and usually shown by a rise in temperature. For example burning fuels obviously gives out heat making it exothermic.In an endothermic reaction heat is taken IN. An endothermic reaction is one which takes in energy from the surroundings, usually in the form of heat and usually shown in a fall of temperature. For example dissolving certain salts in water.During a chemical reaction old bonds are broken and new ones are made.Energy must be supplied to break bonds so this is an ENDOTHERMIC process.Energy releasedNa Cl Na + ClStrong bond Bond brokenEnergy is released when new bonds are formed so this is an EXOTHERMIC process.Mg + O Mg O + energyIf the energy released in bond formation is greater than the energy used in breaking old bonds, the reaction is EXOTHERMIC.If the energy required to break old bonds is greater than the energy released when the bonds are formed, the reaction is ENDOTHERMIC.Enthalpy profilesENDOTHERMICExothermicTheoryThe reactivity of a metal is related to how easily it can lose its outer shell electronsM-2e MThe more reactive the metal he easier this process is so it takes less energy. All of the displacement reactions are exothermic reactions so the Energy going out is larger than the energy coming in. The enthalpy profiles show the energy coming in (1), the energy out (2) and how exothermic/endothermic the overall reaction was (2)-(1)=(3).The energy being taken in is the energy required to break the bonds + the energy required to do: M-2e M .The energy coming out is the energy from the forming bonds + energy from: Cu +2e Cu.Most of these energies stay the same because the metals are displacing copper. The only significant change as I add the different metals will be the energy it takes to do M-2e M . Therefore the most reactive metal will need less energy to remove electrons.Key Factors/VariablesKey factors or variables can be changed that would make a difference to the reactions or results taking place. These are:; Amount of copper sulphate solution-use more or less. It needs to be in a certain amount as it could either be too dangerous or not cause a good reaction; Moles of metal-this might change the speed of the reaction or the amount of heat given off.; Type of solution-using a different solution could make the reactions stronger or weaker.; Type of metal-using different types of metals could show more results.; Different concentration of solution (stronger/weaker); Whether it is stirred- could change the speed of the reactionPredictionI think that given the information I know I would guess that magnesium would let out the most thermal energy because it is the most reactive metal I am experimenting with. The higher the metal in the reactivity series the higher the amount of thermal energy given out.PreliminaryMethod:A 50th of a mole of magnesium, iron, lead and zinc was measured out. The temperature of the copper sulphate was taken before any experiments were started. Then 10cm3 of solution was put into 3 different test tubes and the metals were added. The concentrations were stirred and a thermometer was placed in each test tube and the highest temperature was taken and recorded. The experiment was repeated 2 more times so an average could be taken for accuracy.Fa ir TestTo make sure that the experiments done are fair these things need to be taken into consideration:; Same amount of moles of metal.; Same amount of concentration of copper sulphate.; Same amount of times stirred.; Same concentration (copper sulphate).; Same metals (zinc, magnesium, iron and lead); The temperature of the room where the experiments are taking place.; The starting temperature of the thermometers.Do more reactive metals give more exothermic reactions in their displacement reactions with copper sulphate solution less reactive metals?Aim: To investigate if the reactivity of a metal affects how exothermic its reaction with copper sulphate solution (displacement reaction).Apparatus; 12 boiling tubes; Scales; Spatula; Calculator; Powdered Lead (s), Magnesium (s), Zinc (s), Iron (s); 3 Thermometers; Copper sulphate (aq) solution.; Measuring cylinder.; Test tube rackMethod1/50th of a mole of each metal was measured out. 12 boiling tubes were put out in test tube racks eac h with 10cm3 of copper sulphate solution in. Before any of the experiments were taken out the temperature of the solutions were taken. Then 4.14g (1/50th of a mole) of lead were added to the copper sulphate solution. The solution was stirred 5 times. The highest temperature was taken. Then 0.48g (1/50th of a mole) of magnesium were added to the solution and stirred 5 times, the highest temperature was taken. Then 1.12g (1/50th of a mole) of iron were added and stirred 5 times, the highest temperature was taken. The same was done with 1.3g (1/50th of a mole) of zinc. All of the temperatures were recorded. All of the experiments were repeated two more times for accurate readings.Workings out:Lead: Iron:Mass number = 207 Mass number = 561/50th = 1?50 = 50 1/50th = 1?50 = 50207?50 = 4.14g 56?50 = 1.12gMagnesium: Zinc:Mass number = 24 Mass number = 651/50th = 1?50 = 50 1/50th = 1?50 = 5024?50 = 0.48g 65?50 = 1.3gResults:Lead:21 21 21 Starting temp22 25 23 Highest tempBoiling tube 1 Boi ling tube 2 Boiling tube 3Magnesium:21 21 21 Starting temp87 82 83 Highest tempBoiling tube 1 Boiling tube 2 Boiling tube 3Iron:21 22 21 Starting temp35 33 31 Highest tempBoiling tube 1 Boiling tube 2 Boiling tube 3Zinc:22 21 22 Starting temp56 55 58 Highest tempBoiling tube 1 Boiling tube 2 Boiling tube 3Results table:Start temperature?CTemperature after?CMetal123Avr?C123Avr?CMg21?C21?C21?C21?C87?C82?C83?C84?CPb21?C21?C21?C21?C22?C25?C23?C23?CFe21?C22?C21?C21?C35?C33?C31?C33?CZn22?C21?C22?C22?C56?C55?C58?C56?CChange of temperature?T = change in temperature?T = end of temperature start temperatureMg = 84-21 = ?T 63à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cPb = 23 21 = ?T 2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cFe = 33 21 = ?T 12à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cZn = 56 22 = ?T 34à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cWorkings outMass of Mg = 0.48g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10g (mass of the copper sulphate) = 4.8gMass of Pb = 4.14g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10g (mass of the copper sulphate) = 41.4gMass of Zn = 1.3g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10g (mass of the copper sulphate) = 13.0gMass of Fe = 1.12g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10g (mass of the copper sulphate) = 11.2g?Q = m à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Cp à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ ?TMg = 10.48g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 4.2 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 63à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cPb = 14.14g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 4.2 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cZn = 11.3g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 4.2 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 12à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cFe = 11.12g à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 4.2 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 34à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cMetalQ (J)MgPbZnFe1270.08347.761856.4560.448AnalysisWhen doing my test there were some things that went wrong. When I poured in my metals, because I had already put the copper sulphate in the boiling tubes the metals stuck to the side, which may have ruined my results. If all of the metal was included in the experiment then a higher reading may have been taken. If I were to do this test again I would use a funnel to put the metals inside the boiling tubes or use bigger boiling tubes.The boiling tubes lose heat through the glass. To make it a fairer test next time I should use polystyrene or cotton wool to wrap around the test tube this way not much heat should escape.When doing my e xperiments I only repeated the tests 3 times to get a reading it would be better if I had dine the experiment about 5 times then I would have been able to get more of a accurate result.Luckily when I did my tests I didnt get any odd results. All of my results were about the same the only difference was a few degrees.

Tenants vs. Tenets

Tenants vs. Tenets Tenants vs. Tenets Tenants vs. Tenets By Maeve Maddox Both words, tenant and tenet, derive from the Latin verb tenere, â€Å"to hold,† but they are not interchangeable. A tenant is someone who rents or leases a house, apartment, etc. from a landlord. A tenet is a principle, dogma, belief, or doctrine generally held to be true. The following examples of misuse were gathered from sites that offer some kind of professional service: INCORRECT: Generally speaking, people dont know how to teach  leadership, but we can  teach  some  basic tenants.   CORRECT : Generally speaking, people dont know how to teach  leadership, but we can  teach  some  basic tenets.   INCORRECT: Simply put, the  basic tenants  of reading and writing are ignored.   CORRECT : Simply put, the  basic tenets of reading and writing are ignored.   INCORRECT: This course is designed to give the students an overview of the basic tenants of Christian Doctrine. CORRECT : This course is designed to give the students an overview of the basic tenets of Christian Doctrine. INCORRECT: Odierno told our staff about the three  basic tenants  he uses to lead the U.S. Army: competence, commitment  and character. CORRECT : Odierno told our staff about the three  basic tenets he uses to lead the U.S. Army: competence, commitment  and character. I did not find the opposite error in professional texts, but it is quite common in comments on sites related to renting. For example: INCORRECT: most importantly, stay informed about your rights as a  tenet. CORRECT : most importantly, stay informed about your rights as a  tenant. INCORRECT: [The rule is] never enforced, but it does give the owner of the property a pretty quick and easy way to remove troublesome tenets. CORRECT : [The rule is] never enforced, but it does give the owner of the property a pretty quick and easy way to remove troublesome tenants. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant NamesIs There a Reason â€Å"the Reason Why† Is Considered Wrong?How Verbs Become Adjectives

MARKETING PLANNING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MARKETING PLANNING - Essay Example What demographics lay waiting for the product launch? What such developments and trends effect the possibilities or eventual life of the product in question? And what answers to all these stated complexities has the company planned to take? These questions eventually merge into the economic chapter with questions such as the development and effect of prices, savings and the general trend of people and society has taken and its effects. Are potential factors of production, inclusive of the natural resources as well as capital and labor within the reach of the company so as to expand considerably? Do any of its decisions pose a legal threat or complication? The eventual effect of technology is another factor. Is the technology available adjustable or a new and expensive capital investment is necessary. If so, is it too expensive for the cost-push inflation effects to discourage its life as a commodity? Does if have influences or is victim to being influenced by political or cultural co mplications? And lastly the market structures are analyzed. The customers and their reactions and trends towards similar or new innovative products considered. The size of the markets, the type and the profits analyzed. What about significant competition and the resulting cut in prices? The facilitators and marketing firms, the suppliers and indeed the distribution and dealers considered. Only then, after such a study, is a product, truly launched (Dibbs and Simkin, 2008). The main problem that Sky faces in order to launch its services to a broader audience is, simply put, the different components that can promise a success. First and foremost, the 3D audience that Sky wishes to capture is basically the ones who own HD televisions in the Europe, amounting to around 12 million households. These customers, already getting accustomed to their new and expensive HD sets, are less likely to appreciate further funding into

Communication in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Communication in Organizations - Essay Example Communications channels within an organization must successfully function so as to contribute positively on the development of the organization (Jhonson, n.d). In this article we try and focus on the effectiveness of communication networks in the presence of multiplicity of workforce in the organization. In organizations it often happens that authorities fail to ensure that subordinates tell each other what they wish or need to know, which leads to miscommunications and disruptions. Although authorities can give instructions for the formation of a smooth and clear pathway of communication, they cannot dictate anything on this issue. A well-run management can always influence the process of communication within the organization. They can act as complementary link to the communication chain and help in passing on of the information. John Connor says, "There is no more valuable asset in business life than the ability to express ones thoughts with clarity and precision." (Communicating w ithin the organization, n.d). With the inset of globalization, most of the organizations are looking forward to make a mark in the global market. To understand and meet the needs of the global market it is very important for an organization to incorporate and encourage diversity among the workforce. â€Å"A diverse collection of skills and experiences (e.g. languages, cultural understanding) allows a company to provide service to customers on a global basis† (Greenberg n.d). Diversity brings in the problem of communication due to different languages, cultures and ideas of the workforce. Communication is very important at the organizational level to maintain smooth functioning of the organization. The companies willing to prosper have to incorporate the policy of diversity in the employees and to maintain smooth functioning of the day-to-day

The Organizational Change Essay Example for Free

The Organizational Change Essay A. What is organizational change? Organizational change is a term used to describe a total overhaul of an organisation. This refers to a big scale changes to suit the current change in needs. There are many reasons. Sometimes there is need for an organisation to curb challenges arising like neck to neck competition, retrenchments or massive lay offs. It may also involve new changes in technology and an organisation might want to adopt or re-fix the new structure in their work places. All this will affect the working operations and environment of an organisation. Organizations sometimes might find need to merge with other related organisation this will force both organisation to restructure (McNamara, 2008). Basic Context for Organizational Change An extreme markets battle has forced many organizations to adopt many ways to survive. An organization might have been offering quality services or rather substandard services hence need to adopt modern technology. This cannot be done without know how, it requires in depth information about how and how effective the change will be. Organizational change can be very expensive, some organization are on favor for minimal changes as they review the effect of the new change. These small changes act as stepping stones for more changes to come for instance lay offs; this is a very costly assignment to an organization. It is important to learn that organizational change requires lots of funding (Darby Mcglynn, 2000, p13). Though this can bring desirable transformation, it is a painful undertaking especially where finance is concern. At the end of the day an organization should evaluate its achievements brought about by the big change Organization change is a very technical procedure; it requires intellectuals, skilled person or specialist who has an insight understanding about the running, management and all other that pertain administration. The entire running and management will be approached very differently of an organization. It entails new procedures and regulations to be followed by the organization’s management and entire work force (Darby Mcglynn, 2000, p13). Every organizational change presents new vision and approach. Accomplishment of the targeted goals and result is now viewed in another perspective; this is because the change might come up with new challenges. The duties and roles of every individual worker changes, others might be absorbed hence need for everyone involved to specialize on ones best subject. It’s noteworthy to learn that every each organizational change shakes all the running of an organization from the top level to bottom and bring new sense of direction. After organization change is accomplished efficiency should be expected and redundancy eliminated (Darby McGlynn, 2000, p. 13). B. Forces for and resistance to organizational change  Organizational change is viewed as a life circle and every organization should undergo in order to survive both internal and external pressures. It is very fundamental given other forces surrounding the change are put into account. Emergence of new technology can compel an organization to embrace and adopt, for the benefits and betterment of an organization. Computerization of an organization’s department is a perfect example of technology changes especially those which have been carrying on their duties manually Such office automation comes with more efficiency and reliability in executing duties (Darby McGlynn, 2000, p13 ). Another example is the introduction of automated teller machines by banks, despite their cost they are accurate and efficient s compared to bank clerks. In that connection it can led a bank into providing more products and services to their clients and customers, competitiveness needs for more supply in the market, change of services products. For any organisational change to take place it need profound consultation in relation to the targeted results. Its result and final achievement should be tangible and convincing (McNamara, 2008). C. Evolutionary and revolutionary change in organizations  Evolutionary change The change within the organization should be successful and constant such that it does not arouse any massive upheavals within and without the organization. Major development and progress in any organization is dependant on the degree of change in the new ideas and how the affected react to it. The organizations need to check at what their users want and supply them appropriately. The use of the collective intelligence and social networking within the organization is evolutionary since it encourages the blending of different good ideas towards the progress of the organization. Exploration of complex situations and involving everybody to participate intermsof decision making is also evolutionary to an organization (Casey, 2008). Attracting people to your vision as a manager within an organization plays a very important role in persuading them to buy into your outcome products, since this will give them a since of feeling that their contributions are very appreciated. Initiatives are the best way to introduce implement and institutionalize deliberate and on-going renewal. The involvement of many people in operational problem solving evolves to Participative Management Problem which is a profit sharing program that increases productivity and employee involvement across the board (Miraglia, 1994). For the renewal of any organization it calls for the organization to improve on its response to customer needs and increase its willingness to experiment with multi-function structures and teams which are led by entrepreneurial spirit. The management layers also need to be scrutinized and reduced and the ineffective functions scrapped off. Determining better ways of pushing responsibilities to every section of the organization without any inconvenience is evolutionary. The creation and continuation of complex activities like efforts in training and quality management processes brings better changes to an organization. This calls for the keeping of simultaneous changes to move in relationship to each other rather than in isolation (Casey, 2008). Revolutionary Change The organizations don’t look to their users in order to try and adjust on what users are willing to adapt to on a large scale. The situation by which most organizations only look for the way to sell out their big products without considering the taste of the consumers is revolutionary since they force the consumers into doing new things they are not comfortable with. The abrupt introduction of or addition new technology within the organization is sometimes very disruptive since it will require quite a bit of training which will consume sometime to allow for adjustment (Miraglia, 1994). The time taken by the organization to sell out its ideas sometimes can be longer. This can be due to disagreements across the decision making board which delays the implementation processes. Within any organization the implication for the Human resources need to seen as not only just to preserve and teach old lessons, vocabulary and assumptions but also to lead in the change processes, development of versatile models, teaching and encouraging new vocabulary and also be at the forefront of the encouraging continuous learning and sharing of knowledge The critical business issues like entrance into emerging markets and new product development pose a revolutionary change into the organization. The competition by related organizations also poses a challenge (Miraglia, 1994). D. Managing the Organizational Change Since an organization is a group or an association made by people who come together with different thoughts and opinions with an aim of achieving certain goals, therefore an organization is made up of individuals and in order for organizational change to be successful; there are different principles which should be considered. First an individual has got to achieve personal change which gives a positive approach to the change by applying it. Thoughtful planning and implementing sensitivity is another crucial principle to boost the organizational change. Consultation and involvement of the individuals affected by the organizational change is important since forcing of changes to an individual will cause problems (Kotter, 2002). The organizational change must be real, measurable and also achievable. These characteristics are relevant in the management of individual changes. Before the commencement of organizational change management, there are questions which are supposed to be taken into consideration. Organizational achievements, why, and how will an organization know if it has achieved the changes. Who the changes have affected and their reactions, how much of the change can be achieved and what parts of the change which are needed with help. These features are in strong relation to the management of the Organizational change (Kotter, 2002). For proper management, change needs to be understood and managed in such a way that people can successfully cope with. The director is the settling pressure. The affected organization or individuals need to agree with the change, understand the need for change and also be given a chance to decide on how the change will be managed and also they should be involved in the application and planning of the change (Kotter, 2002). Confronting each other is the best way to undertake susceptible issues of organizational change management. People or employees need to encourage their, manager to talk face to face to them if they are of help to the manager in managing the organizational change. Sending mails through internet and writing notices are the weakest ways of communication and enlargement understanding. If there is urgent change to be made in an organization, the reasons should be investigated and also its urgency is real. Also their needs to be consideration if the consequences of accepting the rational time-frame can be more devastating rather than taking control over the unsuccessful change. Fast changes in organizations avoid proper consultations and involvement and these leads to complications and more times is consumed when it comes to solving the issues (Kotter, 2002). For successful management for an organizational change, top management in an organization should be involved. This brings out reliability, ideas and expressiveness from the champions. Change is achieved when carried out as a group. The change representative always has a role of carrying out translation of the vision to a practical plan and also carries out the plan. Change communication is required to be regular with all the affiliates of the organization. For change to be maintained, the organizations’ composition needs to be given an amendment by either making course of actions, guiding principles and also deliberate plans. Such kind of change in the constructions of an organization characteristically involves re-freezing process and an unfreezing change (Mc Namara, 2008). E. Organizational Development Organizational Development is a challenge which gives authority to the organizational members in order for expansion to take place in peoples’ openness with each other concerning their opinions of the association and their experiences in the organization. This encourages members to take greater accountability for their own deeds as members of the organization. In organizational development the assumption is that when people practice the purposes simultaneously, there is a likeliness of organizations finding out new techniques of working together and hence there is achievement of the organizational goals (Nielsen, 1984, pp2-3). The final thought of organizational expansion is that organizations are social arrangements. Their aim is to increase long term presentation and physical condition of the organization as well as to also improve lives of its associates. The organizational development loom stresses on organization background which manipulates the way people perform their duties using organizational change based on exploration and achievement (Toolpack Consulting surveys, 2008). By using planned modification based on research, there is increase in motivation, elimination of obstructions and easier change. The perfect is an organization where there is constant improvement which is rampant in a way that it is not expected as a proposal. Organizational Development, changes the performances, shared beliefs and values, of the organization by working with technical and social systems like incentives, communication, work processes and civilization (Toolpack Consulting surveys, 2008) Organizational Development assists an organization in authorizing leaders and individuals’ workers. It also creates a culture of constant improvement and arrangement around shared achievements. There is easier and faster change making. All the minds of the employees are put to task. Organizational Development also enhances momentum and quality of choices. There is also assistance by the Organizational Development in beneficial conflict making rather than negative. Also leaders are given more control over the outcome by giving workers more authority over how they do their tasks (Toolpack Consulting surveys, 2008). There are different benefits which the Organizational Development has achieved, they include satisfaction to its customers, individual feeling of success, and profits by reducing costs for non profits, improvement suppleness of the organization, they have also achieved effectiveness of the costs as well as living, occupation and employment satisfaction. Objectives of organizational development are observed in an organization where, the needs of the customers are always recognized and thought about by the managers and the workers, also people get remunerations for success instead of failure of innovation or creativity hence there is high improvement. The construction and processes are based on the present requirements rather than in the past needs hence there is efficiency and assistance offered to people (Tool pack consulting surveys, 2008). Also in an organization, organizational development s’ objectives are achieved when in an organization; there is constructive resolving and conflict treatment. Hence this is used for modernization with no suppression and lack of intrusion with efficiency. The system of rewarding strengthens the organizational wellbeing. Also open communication is encouraged in both imaginative and straight and hence all the appropriate feelings are distributed and due to this, people can learn from the experience. Decisions are required to be made by people with most related, express knowledge (Toolpack Consulting surveys, 2008). Conclusion Organizational Change is a very crucial feature which brings about wide change in any organization with the aim of assisting the organization achieves its goals strategically. Such changes include, restructuring of self managed teams, new technologies, collaborations, mission changing and also changing of the complete Management of Quality. Hence there is transformation of the organization. This designates essential as well as elementary orientation in the way that the association operates (Mc Namara, 2008). In order for this change to take place successfully, individuals play a very important role in the organization. Hence there opinions and achievements as well as there aims are very crucial and require to be put into consideration. And this will only be possible with the application of some principles which once put into practice; the change becomes successful (Kotter, 2002). Since communication is important to the success of any organizational change efforts, it is important for face to face communication since it is believed to be strong as compared to sending mails and notices. Motivation should be encouraged amongst the organization by rewards, incentives etc. Organizational Development is of great benefit to organizations since it brings about profits, satisfaction both at work and in life. Also goals are achieved due to the Organizational Development efforts (Tool pack Consulting surveys, 2008).

Egans Law :: essays papers

Egans Law The purpose of Megans Law is to let the public know when a convicted sex offender is released into their community. Mr. Michael Chertoff, a former U.S. attorney has a curious question for our states corrections department. â€Å"How can members of the public be informed when dangerous predators have been released into their community, if the prosecutors, who are supposed to notify the public, have not been told either?† Mr. Chertoff did investigate this and found out that this isn’t just a small problem anymore. Take the Alves case for example. Raymond Alves, a convicted rapist was in jail for twenty-three years and was let out unannounced. Prosecutors were told days after the fact and were not ale to find him because he gave out false information about where he was living. Megans Law requires prosecutors to be notified thirty days or more ahead of time so they have sufficient time to file a challenge, or to see if he’s a threat to society. At a senate hearing, Jack Terhune, a corrections commissioner said he has not found any other case besides the Alves case where the prosecutors were not properly notified ahead of time. Meanwhile, they were getting a whole different story from Mr. Chertoff, who asked twenty one county prosecutors if they have been getting their proper Megans Law notifications on time. The prosecutors answer was between January 1, 1999 and March 1, 2000, they have received one hundred and fifty Megans Law notifications less than thirty days prior to an inmate being let out. More than ninety of those came less than seven days before the release or after. Chris Carden, a spokesperson for the corrections department made a comment that the numbers did not match up and said â€Å" that’s a far cry from saying there have been no other cases of improper notification. In the stir of the Alves mess, Mr. Terhune did take action and fired eight of his employees for errors, including two psychologists. Terhune is also making new rules like better training for all employees that come in so that this problem will not happen again. They also have a new web page up for the prosecutors to find out when any sex offenders are released in the area so that there is no question in anyone’s mind. In my opinion I believe in Megans Law 100%.

Ike Wister Turner

Ike Wister Turner came into this world on November 5, 1931. He was an American musician, bandleader, songwriter, arranger, talent scout, and record producer. In a career that lasted more than half a century, his repertoire included blues, soul, rock, and funk. He is most popularly known for his 1960s work with his then wife Tina Turner in the Ike & Tina Turner revue. As a teenager in high school he led his own music group, the Kings of Rhythm. He employed the group as his backing band for the rest of his life. His first recording, â€Å"Rocket 88† with the Kings of Rhythm credited as â€Å"Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats†, in 1951, is considered a possible contender for â€Å"first rock and roll song†. Relocating to St. Louis, Missouri in 1954, he built the Kings into one of the most renowned acts on the local club circuit. It was there he met singer Anna Mae Bullock, whom he married and renamed Tina Turner, forming the Ike & Tina Turner Revue, which over the course of the sixties became a soul/rock crossover success. Throughout his career Turner won two Grammy Awards and was nominated for three others. Alongside his former wife, Turner was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991 and in 2001 was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. Allegations by Tina Turner in her autobiography of her abusive relationship with Turner and the film adaptation of this coupled with his cocaine addiction damaged Turner's career in the 1980s and 1990s. He claims to have spent more than $100,000 on coke in a two-month period in 1989 . Addicted to cocaine and crack for at least 15 years, â€Å"I was on a 15-year party,† he says. â€Å"This hole in my nose was so bad that when I would go to sleep, it would be hurtin' so much that I would be tryin' to get my hand up behind my eyeballs†¦ Pain. The first thing I'd want to do when I got up was get cocaine and put it in my nose. That would deaden the pain. † Turner was convicted of drug offenses, serving seventeen months in prison between July 1989 and 1991. He spent the rest of the 1990s free of his addiction. Near the end of his life, he returned to live performance as a front man and produced two albums returning to his blues roots, which were critically well received and award-winning. Turner has frequently been referred to as a ‘great innovator' of Rock and Roll by contemporaries such as Little Richard and Johnny Otis. Phil Alexander (then editor-in-chief of Mojo magazine) described Turner as ‘the cornerstone of modern day rock ‘n' roll'. He spent the 1990s free of his addiction, but relapsed in 2004. Ike Turner was found dead of an accidental cocaine over dead on December 12 2007 at his home in San Marcos in San Diego County.

Principles of Maintaining Stationary Stock Essay

1 ) 1. 1 – Explain the intent of doing certain stationary stock is maintained and controlled? A good degree of stationary stock should ever be maintained and controlled because it makes treating easier and saves blowing clip. Normally a company will hold one individual in charge of the stock and that individual will hold the responsibilities of keeping any stock. Smaller companies are easier to keep than larger 1s. Large companies can hold much more of a trenchant undertaking as they will necessitate a batch more stock or stationary. Besides within a larger company there will be more sections so it will be made a small harder. The individual responsible has to bare in head any budgets the employer/manager had put in topographic point. There are different ways of which you can command the degrees of the stock but these are yet once more different with each and every company. A hebdomadal or biweekly look into on stock is normally the most effectual manner. Checking stock degrees will besides assist to detect what stationary is used more within their company. This will demo what is more relevant in purchasing. If the stock is non checked or maintained so the degrees can drop. This can ensue into the company disbursement more money to acquire the equipment/stock they need from a high street store and this can so thwart many workers/managers. 1. 2 – Describe factors that may impact the future degree of demand for stationary stock. Their will be many factors that may impact the future degree of stationary stock. One of these is the cost of the stationary itself. All. if non most. companies are doing cut in their disbursement and this is one section that may experience the cut more than others. Employees will be asked to utilize less stock whilst working and bespeaking orders for stock. These may go declined if the individual in charge thinks that the company will non necessitate the stationary or it is non required. Besides another factor is the usage of engineering. Technology is everlastingly increasing and going a bigger portion in everyone’s lives. This means more administrations will be utilizing the cyberspace a batch more. E-mailing more to cut the cost of paper and it is a quicker manner to direct messages or to pass on and run their concern. Letterss are going a less frequent manner of pass oning. Th is will do each company cut down on the quality of paper. ink. envelopes and casts that are used. 1. 3 – Explain the intent of doing certain value of money is obtained when telling stock. The intent of doing certain value of money is obtained when telling stock is indispensable. Each company needs to guarantee that they are non blowing any unneeded money and that the stock you are telling is really needed. The individual in charge of telling demands to believe about the bringing costs. quality and measure costs. They besides need to believe about using minimal orders but can still cover everything that will be needed. The value of money is most of import because no company wants to be blowing money on merchandises that cant be afforded or on stationary the habit be used. The individual who is responsible for all this needs to hold a good think about what truly needs to be ordered and if it is necessary in the environment. Besides to cognize if it is environmentally friendly earlier merely telling anything and everything they want to. 2 ) 2. 1 – Describe how to order. receive. shop and dispose stationary stock points. Ordering ; before you even get down to order you need to cognize who your providers are. If you don’t already have a provider so you need to happen one. You will necessitate to happen a provider that is suited to you and your company. When taking a company you will necessitate to see these things ; Are there any bringing charges? Do I have to put a minimal order? Do they sell all the stock we need? Are their monetary values competitory or really expensive? How long does it take for an order to come through? You may happen it easier to compose a list of the stationary ( stock list ) you will necessitate so you can pick a provider that fits your demands. Once you have found the provider you will be utilizing so you will necessitate to travel through the catalogue or online and order what you need. Besides the individual responsible for this will necessitate to be cognizant of their budget and that they do non travel over. Receive ; When you do have the stock. it is better to look into the bringing notes against what has been delivered to guarantee that all the stock you need or ordered is their. You will necessitate to look into the reception and look into everything they say is there is really there and is non defective. You will necessitate to place directly off if there are any jobs or any stationary missing. Lastly you will necessitate to direct the reception up the finance so they can look into it against the bill and do certain all the monetary values add up and no 1s is being over charged or under charged. Shop ; when hive awaying the stationary you should revolve it so it is the oldest foremost. Storage should be in a nice neat order and organised so you can see what you have and what you don’t have. Revolving stationary isn’t the most of import thing to make but it is still advisable so that pens and Tipex do non dry out and the paper doesn’t acquire creased or even moistures. When hive awaying stationary it is best to maintain all things the same together and take count to see how many there is so you know for following clip when it comes to tell how much you should order. Dispose ; when disposing stationary you need to first work out what can be recycled. or if it is environmentally friendly and what merely needs to be put in a normal bin. Most companies now like a concern with an environmentally friendly provider. They will look at the manner they package the merchandises so it makes it easier to dispose of the packaging. How near a company is to their concern is of import to cut down on the transporting costs.

work or hell essays

work or hell essays 37,000 transnational or multinational corporations with their 200,000 subsidiaries control 75 percent of all world trade in commodities, manufactured goods, and services. These corporations, such as Nike, Reebok, and Levis, are cheating other small countries that manufacture their products. Michael Jordan alone makes more money from Nike annually than all of the Nike factory workers in Malaysia combined. An individual works 10-hour shifts, six days a week to earn a monthly wage less than the cost of a pair of Nike shoes. Their monthly wages will be around $30.00 to $40.00. Lured by cheap and abundant labor, investment capital has poured in more than 18 billion dollars in the last three years from these third world countries. Large corporations prefer not to do their own manufacturing. They put the hard work to third world countries, which will do anything for money. Not only are multinational corporations causing problems for third world countries, problems with farming are occurring in the United States. Family farms are being sold down to agribusiness and factory style farming. According to the U.S. department of Agriculture almost 90% of the total income of rancher or family style farms now come from the outside. They have to get outside jobs to even survive. Child labor in farming is another issue. Human Rights Watch stated that child farm workers in the U.S. work 12 to 14 hour days, often suffering pesticide poisoning, heat-related illness, machine and knife related injuries and life long disabilities. Many of them are forced to work without access to toilet or hand washing facilities or adequate drinking water. The majority of these workers are Latino, so there is a racial issue brought to hand. Farm work is considered the most dangerous work open to children in the United States. Human Rights Watch estimated that there are at least on e million child labor violations in the U.S. each year. These children are working t ...

Oppose and Opposed To

Oppose and Opposed To Oppose and Opposed To Oppose and Opposed To By Maeve Maddox A reader questions the use of the preposition against to follow the verb oppose in this example from an entertainment site: [Madonna] wanted to be the only female voice of the band, and opposed against the introduction of another female vocalist. The reader asks, â€Å"Isn’t opposed enough?† Yes. In this sentence, the meaning of opposed is objected to or was against. The transitive verb is sufficient: She opposed the introduction of another female vocalist. NOTE: The verb oppose has several meanings. This post is about the use of oppose to mean, â€Å"to object to,† â€Å"to be against.† Used transitively, oppose is followed directly by a noun or a pronoun (its direct object). Here are examples of correct usage: There are also personal, political, religious, and spiritual reasons to oppose capital punishment.   Top Ten Reasons to Oppose the  World Trade Organization   Why I oppose Common Core standards The men and women who  opposed womans suffrage  did so for many reasons.   Oppose also functions intransitively (no object). When it is followed by a prepositional phrase, the preposition to use is to, not against. Here are examples of intransitive use: Coach Gus Malzahn not opposed to switching divisions Why so many immigrants in Germany are opposed to the refugee influx Here are some examples of unidiomatic uses of oppose, with suggested corrections: INCORRECT: Woman Becomes an Atheist After She  Opposed Against  Prayer at Her Sons School   CORRECT: Woman Becomes an Atheist After She  Opposed Prayer at Her Sons School   INCORRECT: â€Å"I think this administration is adamantly  opposed against  fossil fuels, period,† said Young, Alaskas sole House member. CORRECT: â€Å"I think this administration is adamantly  opposed to fossil fuels, period,† said Young, Alaskas sole House member. INCORRECT: Are these people also  opposed against  the genocide the Caliphate is doing against Christians and Yazidis?   CORRECT: Are these people also  opposed to the genocide the Caliphate is doing against Christians and Yazidis?   INCORRECT: Yet there are plenty of [people] who are opposed against the scientific facts you throw around about vaccines. CORRECT: Yet there are plenty of [people] who are opposed to the scientific facts you throw around about vaccines. NOTE: A better revision for this example would be to choose a different verb altogether: Yet there are plenty of [people] who do not accept (or believe) the scientific facts you throw around about vaccines. INCORRECT: The Supreme Court of India  opposed against  any sort of hooliganism in the name of bandh in 1998, but political parties still organize them.   CORRECT: The Supreme Court of India  opposed any sort of hooliganism in the name of bandh in 1998, but political parties still organize them.   The concept of against is built into the verb oppose. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Does [sic] Mean?5 Lessons for Mixing Past and Present TenseWords That Begin with Q

HND Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

HND Business Law - Essay Example ement is entered into, regardless of the manner in which it is executed, all parties agree to abide by the terms and conditions spelled out in said agreement. Only if all parties agree to be released from a particular clause in the contract, or an agreement is reached to null and void the entire contract, it remains in force. If violated, one party will likely have a claim against the other in a court of law. This brief section covers all three of these different types of contracts. When considering verbal agreements and contracts, it is important to remember that they are legally binding as a written contract in many situations. The key today, however, is proving the terms and conditions in question when a disagreement arises in a modern business situation. Under UK law, it has been largely determined that there are two main areas that constitute an actual binding agreement between two or more parties. The first involves whether or not an agreement was actually clearly reached as to the services that were to be performed, or goods provided. The second involves remuneration. If a figure was reached and agreed upon, it would be considered binding. Interestingly enough a verbal agreement today can be reached via either an in-person or on telephone voice exchange, or via email. Verbal contracts are more difficult to prove in a court of law. If one party states that the other party did not meet the conditions or warranties stipulated in the agreement, then problems can arise. If these are written out in a formal and written agreement, the issue is often quickly resolved. If, however, the agreement was verbal in nature, it can quickly become a ‘he said, she said’ affair that makes it difficult to prove one way or other in court. As such, it is recommended that the terms and conditions be clearly spelled out in a contract. Written agreements, quite simply, are similar to verbal agreements, except that they have a verifiable signature on them from all

Korea Gender Roles and Ideologies of Womanhood Essay

Korea Gender Roles and Ideologies of Womanhood - Essay Example Socially, it is no longer compulsory for women to wear the traditional dress that was hazardous and uncomfortable for them. It restricted breathing and movement. According to Bruce (256), the defiant personal appearance is one unique identity of the new Korean woman. They have invented their own ideal femininity and definition of beauty and choose how to appear physically. For example, they have discarded the national dress and opted for miniskirts, cloche hats, high heeled shoes, and wear the same hairstyles as men, short and elegant hair cuts. Modern men want their wives this way. Gender roles The change in gender roles can be seen where girls are allowed to leave home to work in towns and are expected to send money for their families back home. The educated and employed women actively support their families financially instead of just waiting to receive from their husbands. Husbands now allow their wives to ‘leave the house’ to look for a better life. Equality, Status, Autonomy and Power Today, girls can be found in the same educational setting as boys against the former cultural norms. Women are allowed to pursue their studies even abroad, away from home. Traditionally, girls could not be allowed to stay alone or undergo any form of segregation. From 1920s, more young girls have moved to urban areas for employment or education. Working for single ladies has been socially accepted as an intermediary stage between adolescence and marriage. Women are now treated equal to men in terms of human rights and are allowed to participate in national discussions. They are given a chance to express their determination publicly.

Business strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 3

Business strategy - Essay Example has conceded to the popular consensus that there is room for the larger iPhone in the world. This case study features iPhone 6/6+ product of the Apple Inc. and takes deeper analysis its business unit about the company’s external environment, its competitive position, and the value-addition proponents. Porter (1985) asserts that there are three major categories of the generic strategies; cost leadership, differentiation, and focus. As for Apple Inc., the focused differentiation and cost leadership strategy are the best for the company in adapting to the competitive environment while implementing the value adding activities. The cost leadership strategy has been strongly pursued by the Apple Inc. in its continued efforts to ensuring successful competitiveness. The cost leadership strategy has enabled the company to be cost efficiency while ensuring sustainable development of the company. By pursuing cost the leadership strategy, the company has been able to determine the prices of its products and services at competitive prices. Nilsson and Rapp (2005) on the other hand states that when a company can sustain the profits above its expected income then the company can be termed as having gained the competitive advantage over its rivals. Apple Inc. Introduced the iPads to act as the more portable version of their range of the personal computers; an intermediate between the Smartphones and laptops. The introduction of the iPhone 6/6+ by Apple Inc. creates the impression of the company’s continued adoption of the differentiation strategy. Capon (2008) asserts that differentiation strategy is the clever way for the business in the establishment of the large market share owing to the fact that buyers perceive the quality of the services or products in regard to the price. Apple Inc. has made sure that its iPhone possess its line of the applications that can be bought directly installed on the phone. The company has ensured that the iPhone

Industrial Espionage Intelligence

Industrial Espionage Intelligence The information revolution and the advances in technology during the past decades has brought to fore many challenges and issues to both governments and businesses, the age-old crime of espionage or the practice of spying to gather secret information is one the most potential issues facing information-based societies such as the United States, today. Although, much has been documented as fact and fiction concerning the traditional foreign agents and spies, in todays world of multi-national, multi-billion dollar corporations, and industrial espionage is a growing danger. Furthermore, this is aggravated by the fact that many large businesses are physically disseminated which has distributed management and administration, and more job specialization. High technology offers the ability to collect and use information for competitive edge over others in meeting business and government objectives, it also makes modern information and technology-based nations and businesses vulnerable as information can be stolen from electronic storage media and transmitted in seconds without even physically removing the data. The paper attempts to examine and understand the challenge of espionage to industries and businesses in America. However, in doing so, it shall also look at the historical development of espionage and examines how the advances in technology in the recent years have facilitated the act of espionage, and also the measures that may prove useful in controlling Industrial Espionage. As a prelude to the research, it may be worthwhile to understand how industrial espionage is defined, its nature and implications. Industrial Espionage Definition and Nature The Federal Bureau of Investigation defines industrial espionage as â€Å"an individual or private business entity sponsorship or coordination of intelligence activity conducted for the purpose of enhancing their advantage in the marketplace.† [Cited Boni and Kovacich, 2000; p. 48] While this definition may imply Industrial Espionage to be more or less the same as business or competitive intelligence, John F Quinn explains the essential difference between the two while business intelligence is generally under private sponsorship using an â€Å"open† methodology, espionage may be either government or privately sponsored and clandestine. [Cited Boni and Kovacich, 2000; p. 47] My definition of Industrial Espionage is it is the process of collecting information and data for the purpose of generating revenue. Generating revenue is very important aspect for these people. They are not thrill seeker, if the compensation does not justify the reward they will not bother attempting to collect the required information. Individuals who commit Industrial Espionage are not looking for information for information sake, but for information that will produce a big payday when acquired by a second party or when the information is viewed by unauthorized personnel the value of the information is no longer valuable. Money and power are motivators and the stakes in todays billion dollar business environment the rewards far exceeds risks. In the highly competitive and globalized business environment, proprietary intellectual property and economic information is considered the most valuable commodity by all nations, particularly the advanced ones. Businesses and/or governments involve in espionage activities for the purpose of unlawfully or clandestinely obtaining sensitive financial, trade or economic policy information, proprietary/sensitive economic information; or critical technologies including but not limited to data, plans, tools, mechanisms, compounds, designs, formulae, processes, procedures, programs, codes or commercial strategies, whether tangible or intangible, for competitive business advantage. The proprietary information so stolen may have been stored, compiled or memorialised physically, electronically, graphically, photographically or in writing and may be reasonably protected by the owner and not available to the general public. [Boni and Kovacich, 2000; p. 48] Proprietary information may be stolen by employees accessing the business and company databases, hackers breaking into the company server, or sponsored teams of burglars. While companies may lose vital business information through employees leaving the job, espionage occurs when the employee willfully looks for the data, steals it, copies it and sells it for money, or for his own unit, when he intends to produce a similar item. Espionage by competitors involve spying the activities of other businesses and unlawfully gathering of secret information, so that they can steer their businesses by adopting appropriate strategies and stay at par with, if not ahead of, competition in the marketplace. Interested outsiders and competitors adopt many methods including bribery, detective spying through shady agencies, searching through garbage, also referred to as ‘dumpster diving, scams to trick workers through ‘social engineering, or even expose loopholes and weak points in the live s of workers and blackmail them for gathering information. The theft or unlawful receipt of intellectual property and economic information, particularly by competitors and foreign governments threatens the development and production of goods derived from such information and also results in loss of profits, market share and perhaps the business itself and may thereby result in the weakening of the economic power of ones country. [Boni and Kovacich, 2000] In the present information-driven business environment, businesses tend to address the threat seriously, and in their quest to gain power, maintain control, increase market share and beat competition, nations and businesses espouse espionage, treating it casually and engaging themselves in espionage, using information and technology as armaments of business and economic warfare. [Jones, Kovacich and Luzwick, 2002] The Process The process of Industrial Espionage can be divided into four categories: requirements, collection, analysis, and evaluation. First, the requirements have to be established. This is when the individual is targeted and approached to provide specific information concerning a specific job or task within a company or organization. Most often a third party will inquire to protect the inquiring person, organization, or corporation from liability. Most companies focus their espionage efforts only on certain task or functions. The second phase allows the collector to focus their efforts. Collection is the key component of Industrial Espionage. This is the key element for payment and has the most risk involved. These individuals must evaluate the risk of obtaining the needed information or data with the value of the fee that they will be paid and the risks of being caught. The individual collecting/obtaining the information may use any of the following to obtain the required information/data: physical attacks, electronic attacks, or even attacks against the employees to gain the necessary information. If the rewards are so great (finically), they will go to whatever lengths necessary to obtain the information, even murder if necessary. If the request is for a working copy of a companys product the Collector might simply have to go out and by one, then send away for the technical information any customer is entitled to. While this might see strange use of a Collector, remember some of the companies collecting information exist in embargoed nations such as Cuba or Iraq where state of the art US product are not readily available. If the request is for the complete production data for a complex computer chip the job might entail illegal, and therefore more risky, methods such as bribery or burglary. Analysis follows. Now that a Collector has accumulated a mass of data and information they must take time to see what they have. This entails everything from reading the contents of documents, both physical and electronic, processing raw data, and in some cases looking at the flow of employees and information to see what might be happening and where it is occurring. Once the data has been analyzed the Collector refers to the original Requirement to see if he has meet his goals. This is the Evaluation phase. If the clients Requirements have been met the information is package, transmitted, and the Collector paid. Extra information collected is evaluated for value to the current of future clients and recorded for future transactions. In those cases where the Requirements have not been met, the Collector uses the information to return to the Collection Phase, thus beginning the process anew. Espionage A Brief History The technological advances and the global Internet have drastically reformed the art of espionage. The practice of espionage has transformed revolutionarily over the years, as any aspect of life and civilization, from the old manual and human intensive profession to the sophisticated, hi-tech pursuit of stealing electronic information in networked societies. Toffler and Heidi provide a Three Wave Evolution model to explain the technological evolution, as well as the evolution of espionage. [Toffler, 1980; Toffler Heidi, 1994] Accordingly, during the First Wave period, extending from the beginning of human race to about mid 1700s and characterized by the agricultural revolution, information was passed by word of mouth or in written correspondence. The theft of information was minimal as most of the people could not read or write and espionage was manual, relying mostly on personal observation and one-to-one contact. The Second Wave or the ‘rise of the industrialized civilization, which followed and last until a few years after World War II, experienced exponential growth in communications and the sharing of information, made possible by such inventions as telegraph, telephone and computers. The later years of this period saw the development and use of cryptography as communication protection and anti-espionage tool, though essentially by governments. While businesses had also begun to use computers, most of the systems were stand-alone and hence the threat of espionage was limited. Espionage was thou ght of primarily as a government and/or military problem and anti-espionage measures during the period essentially consisted of some form of physical security of physical documents and equipment, such as combination of locks, guards, alarms and fences. Emphasis was also placed on personnel security hiring honest and ethical employees in computer field was deemed to limit espionage threats. As only few people operated computers, the threat to electronically stored information was limited. [Toffler, 1980; Toffler and Heidi, 1994] The Third Wave or the age of technology and information, sweeping the world today has seen more advances in communication and information sharing, and paradoxically more threats, than the First and Second Wave periods combined. While the Internet and the globally linked communication systems serve as a mainstream business medium, objectionable reports on how high-tech criminals in businesses and government intelligence agencies of all advanced nations are exploiting the possibilities of the cyber world to meet their various ends, continue to be appal the world conscience. Today, a large number of organizational actors and individual information-brokers sponsored by government and otherwise, are using the Internet to commit the old crime of espionage in a revolutionary new way what Boni and Kovacich terms the ‘netspionage or network enabled espionage. According to them, in the present information-driven globalized society, the distinction between espionage motivated wholly by m ilitary advantage and the quest for market domination is blurred of not completely eliminated. The researchers claim that the 21st century, envisaged as ‘the â€Å"Information Age† or the â€Å"Age of Technology† to be may instead come to be known as the â€Å"Age of Netspionage Agent and Techno-Spy.† [Boni and Kovacich, 2000; p. 5] Before attempting to understand the occurrence of industrial espionage in America, it may be vital to understand the techniques used by the modern espionage Netspionage agents and techno-spies so that adequate and effective measures could be adopted to prevent the threat of espionage. Some of the common methods used by Netspionage agents include: Data Diddling changing data before or during entry into the computer Scavenging Obtaining information left around a computer system and in trash cans Data Leakage Removing information by smuggling it out as part of the printed document Piggybacking/ Impersonation Physical access to electronic data using anothers User ID and password to gain computer access and protected information. Simulation and Modelling Using the computer as a tool to plan and/or control a criminal act Wire Tapping Tapping into a computers communication links to be able to read the information being transmitted between systems and networks [Boni and Kovacich, 2000; p. 58] Apart from the above, the use of software application programs, which are standardized over the years enable the use of a variety of hacker tools including Trojan Horse enabling covert placement of instructions in the program for unauthorized functions; Trap Doors for inserting debugging aids that provide breaks in the instructions for insertion of additional code and intermediate output capabilities; Logic Bombsor programs executed at a specific time period; and the common Computer Virus which are malicious codes that cause damage to the system information. [Boni and Kovacich, 2000; p. 59] The Cyber Threat With the advent of the cyber age where information roams free along the electronic corridors of the Internet at the speed of light, another arena has been opened up to the Collector. The tools used are those developed by Hackers and Crackers over the years coupled with the good old social engineering of days past. The potential for gathering information is unlimited. The arena, of course, is the World Wide Web and the target sits on your disk as you view this HTML document. In 1997 it was estimated there were fewer than 1000 people that qualified as Professional Hackers. That is, people who are capable of creating tools or developing original methods for Hacking. [11] Therefore it is safe to assume there are very few Collectors who are true computer geniuses. Collectors are just individuals adept at turning existing tools toward collecting information. An excellent Hackers Toolkit (a software package which contains scripts, programs, or autonomous agents that exploit vulnerabilities [6]) can be downloaded from the internet with just a few hours of searching. Converting computer tools to information collection is relatively easy, because with computers everything is information and everything created for a computer collects and/or transmits information to one degree or another. Corporate web sites hold increasingly detailed information regarding a companys structure, products, employees, and the physical layout of its facilities. Some sites boast fly thr ough tours of their facilities, pictures and bios of their executive officers, telephone numbers, and of course email addresses of key employees. The sole purpose of these web sites is to transmit the information to anyone who asks. Web browsers collect this information and provide it to the requestor who can view and store the information, as they desire. This type of information is invaluable to individuals who choose to exploit it as a means to collect further information. With the wealth of information freely available in todays on-line environment Collectors can do much of their preliminary research without leaving the comfort of their own home or breaking a single law. Armed with the freely available information Collectors are now prepared use the net to gather even more information. With the bios and names of executives and key employees they can search the net for their favorite electronic haunts. Spoofing can then be used. Spoofing is defined as masquerade by assuming the appearance of a different entity in network communications. [6] Emails or ICQ addresses can be spoofed, sent with the Collector poising as an investor, potential customer, a reporter, or even a student researching the rising stars of the corporate world. After receiving replies, Email spoofing can be further used to appear as someone in authority within the corporation who can direct mailing of information, the establishment of computer access accounts, and even grant greater access for established accounts. All of these gives the collector access to just a little bit more of the corporation and its secrets, all with minimal exposure of the collector and sets the stage for furt her attacks. These can range from accessing an unsecured port for downloading files, to exploiting any one of a number of known security holes to gain root access to a system. A good example of the potential for Cyber Industrial Espionage comes from a New York Times report that claimed Reuters Analytics, Inc. hired a Collector to steal the underlying software and codes for their rivals, Bloomberg, L.P, data terminals. Though Reuters had a head start in the industry, Bloombergs product was considered superior. Yearly sales of these data terminals exceeds $6.5 Billion. [11] By mixing Mundane and Cyber techniques collectors can multiply the effects of their collection efforts. The routine of the office, gathered by watching, can enable the collector to plan physical break-ins of the building. While roaming the halls of the corporation they can steal trade secrets, clone drives of key employees, and even set in place login captures, all acts that could go totally undetected because it does no involve the removal of a single piece of property. Well planned daytime entries over lunch the lunch hour can allow the informed collector time clone disks, copy key files, or even send emails from key employees desks to set into motion chains of events to leak information or disrupt company performance. Collectors can make use of internal networks to transmit the documents outside the building to avoid security. Industrial Espionage in America The United States being the most dominant economic power in the world today is also a major target of espionage. In 1988, the FBI accused a former Amgen Inc. researcher of peddling secret documents concerning the wonder drug Epogen. In 1989, U.S. agents tracked down three moles working at an IBM affiliate in France after they supposedly botched a sale of confidential documents. [Cited Crock, 1997] The massive information technology infrastructure enables businesses and industries to tap proprietary and secret information of competitors to gain control of the global market place. Research suggests that the threat of espionage and the loss of proprietary/sensitive information have hit the manufacturing industries particularly hard. As the R D expenses for manufacturing companies are costly, some companies, foreign or domestic, are tempted to catch up even if through unlawful means. [Naef, 2003] Industrial espionage is rampant in the United States according to the FBI, of the 173 world nations, 57 were actively running operations targeting the U.S. companies; about 100 countries spent some portion of their funds targeting U.S. technologies. [Boni and Kovacich, 2000; p. 50] A survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers and the American Society for Industrial Security revealed that Fortune 1000 companies lost more than $45 billion in 1999 due to theft of their proprietary information alone. The study finds that â€Å"although manufacturing reported only 96 incidents, the acknowledged losses of manufacturing companies accounted for the majority of losses reported in the survey, and averaged almost $50 million per incident.† [Cited Naef, 2003] While current and former employees, suppliers and customers are considered to be responsible for 70 to 80% of proprietary/sensitive information losses, an unidentified survey suggests that 21 percent of attempted or actual thefts of proprietary/sensitive information occurred in overseas locations. [Boni and Kovacich, 2000; p. 50] It is significant to note that the U.S is not only a target of espionage, but also actively indulge in espionage activities themselves. The US government has admitted using commercial espionage phone calls were illegally tapped to determine that a French competitor of a US firm was bribing Brazilian officials to obtain an air traffic control radar contract; it was later revealed that the US firm was also bribing officials. It is generally believed that large intelligence agencies of developed nations are involved in the practice of espionage. A commission of the European Parliament suspects that ECHELON, a communications espionage system operated by the U.S. National Security Agency and agencies of the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, is used for political espionage and occasionally to help American companies against European competitors. [Vest, 1998] Economic Espionage Act of 1996 Economic and industrial espionage present many challenges to many American companies as rampant information breaches are costing companies substantial sums of money. While corporations and businesses often do not report espionage incidents to law enforcement, the Federal government today recognizes industrial and economic espionage as a crime; the Congress has legislated the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 in an attempt to aid companies to protect themselves from espionage. Section 19831 punishes the theft, misappropriation, wrongful alteration and delivery of trade secrets when accused parties intended to, or knew that their misconduct would benefit a foreign government, instrumentality or agent. The Act allows for legal action regarding â€Å"financial, business, scientific, engineering, technical and economic information,† if a company can demonstrate it has attempted to keep this information classified and protected. The prescribed maximum punishment for an individual offen der is 15 years imprisonment, $ 500,000 fine or both; for an organization the fine is $10 million. [Kelley, 1997] It is understood that many companies dont take advantage of the Act; companies safely exploit the law in full knowledge when news of the breach is known publicly. However, as Naef observes, if the trade secret theft is not publicly known, a company may have to meticulously assess the advantages and disadvantages of suing another company and thereby going public as news of the theft may damage the companys reputation. [Naef, 2003] Yet, cases of industrial and economic espionage have been reported since the enactment of the Act, though scantily. In September 2003 one man was pled guilty of copying trade secrets as defined under the Economic Espionage Act of 1996; the case was the first of its kind in Northern California. The US Attorneys office later publicized that Say Lye Ow, a 31 year old originally from Malaysia, copied sensitive information on Intels first 64-bit processor when he left the company in 1998. [Naef, 2003] Industrial Espionage and Corporate Vulnerability It is often the failure of corporations to adequately protect their information resources that makes them vulnerable to espionage. The vulnerability and the nonchalant attitude of companies are by no means excusable, given the economic implications of the threat of espionage as well as the weakening of the economic power of the subject nation. It may be worthwhile, perhaps vital, to understand the reasons for the vulnerability of corporations in order to prevent espionage and the resulting economic losses to businesses. Businesses make themselves vulnerable to espionage for a variety of reasons, including: Proprietary/sensitive business information not identified Proprietary information not adequately protected Computer and telecommunication systems not adequately protected Lack of or inadequate policies and procedures Employees not aware of their responsibilities Management attitude of â€Å" We dont have proprietary or sensitive information† and/or â€Å"It cant happen to us† [Boni and Kovacich, 2000; p. 50] These factors along with such other threats as increasing miscreants trying to steal information for money and the vulnerabilities of systems on the Internet facilitating information theft on a global scale present pervasive threat to information worth protecting as well as challenge managers, security personnel and law enforcement officials responsible for safety and security of information. Employees, a Threat or Defence Whether called Social Engineering, as in most Hacker manuals, or HUMINT (Human Intelligence), as the Department of Defense refers to it, your employees are targets of Collectors. People are a two-edged weapon in securing your corporate secrets being both the best protection, and the biggest risk. Proper training, education, and motivation can give people the tools and desire to keep your corporate secrets safe. Conversely, appealing to the vanity, greed, or vengeful nature of disenchanted or bored people has always been a tool of the traditional spy. Now these appeals can be made with protection of the electronic web. After gathering sufficient information on employees the Collector can choose his target. If the individual bites, a face to face meeting can be scheduled, if not the only thing that can be turned over the security is an email address or ICQ number, all easily disposed of with no trace to the Collector. Another method used to attack through your employees is to take the information gathered by Mundane and Cyber means and impersonate another individual or spoof them electronically. Calls are placed over the phone, or messages sent via email pretending to be someone with the authority to make decisions. A good choice would be one of those executive officers with the picture and bio on the corporate web page. Regardless of the role many bored or uncaring individuals will give out information to include IP addresses, system setup, and even passwords and userids over to phone when intimidated. Recruiting Insiders is another common practice among Collectors. Many publications on computer security identify the most common source of intentional disruption as authorized individuals performing unauthorized activity. [13] Again, much of the information on the individuals that you would like to recruit can be found in publicly accessible databases and web sites. From this, some casual research can yield those candidates who are most susceptible to bribes or extortion. Often after proper research the Collector can make his presence know to the Insider and have them make the first overtures. This allows the Collector to have some modicum of confidence the individual will no go running straight to corporate security. Insiders are the most valuable assets a Collector can have. They have the time and freedom to search peoples desks, read private memos, copy documents, and abuse coworker friendships. [3] The threat does not end when the Insider leaves the corporation either. In 1992 se veral General Motors employees were accused of taking over 10,000 documents and disks containing GM trade secrets when they defected to Volkswagen. GM sued and in 1997 received a payment of $100 million from Volkswagen. [11] Inserting Agents is one of the least risky forms of Industrial Espionage. The Collector handpicks the individual who they intend to insert. They provide the training, background story, and decide at which level to attempt to insert the individual. Once hired, even in a position of limited access, the individual becomes a trusted Insider for the Collector, able to provide increasing levels of access and perform some of the Mundane and Cyber attacks from within the corporation with minimum threat of being caught. Preventing Industrial Espionage While legal measures and legislations that send strong messages against espionage can be effective in preventing its occurrence, the role and responsibility of corporations is crucial. Even as companies take a non-serious approach to espionage, there is little debate that companies should guard themselves effectively against the ‘info-thieves, both insiders and those unleashed by outsiders, who try to get secrets by all possible means. Measures that may help companies to prevent espionage include: Conducting a survey of risk assessment, and identifying potential risk areas, Developing a security policy without much of safety risks. Frequently evaluating the security policy and procedures and modify if necessary Classifying and marking sensitive and valuable information Isolating information that should never fall into the hands of a competitor Detecting the vulnerable areas that could be exploited by a competitor Controlled storage of sensitive information Controlled destruction of materials Executing Nondisclosure Agreements for employees, vendors and contractors Securing computer systems and networks by installing appropriate information system security products Monitoring email and Internet use [Winkler, 1997; Boni and Kovacich, 2000] While the above methods may be useful in protecting against espionage, central to controlling the industrial espionage is security awareness and training of employees as one of the major points of vulnerability is spying activities by people belonging to the same organization. â€Å"Security awareness and training programs can serve to inform employees about their organizations information security policy, to sensitize them to risks and potential losses, and to train them in the use of security practices and technologies† [Denning, 1998, p.382]. By investing in security procedures and training, corporations may train employees in the areas of personnel, cyberspace and physical security; they can also be made aware of their responsibilities regarding information security of the organization. Conclusion The increasing value of trade secret information in the global and domestic marketplace and the possibilities of the information technology revolution have resulted in a significant rise in espionage activities in the recent years, particularly against the U.S. being the most dominant economic power in the world. While legislations may be useful in preventing the crime of industrial and economic espionage, the onus is largely on corporations to implement adequate security policies and measures to protect themselves from business losses as well as prevent the weakening of the economic power of their country. References 1. Boni W. Kovacich G.L. (2000) Netspionage: The Global Threat to Information MA: Butterworth- Heinemann 2. Crock, S. (1997) â€Å"Business Spies: The New Enemy Within?† Book Review: War By Other Means† Economic Espionage in America By John J. Fialka Business Week Available at: http://www.businessweek.com/1997/06/b351325.htm Accessed 02/26/06 3. Denning, D. E. (1998) Information Warfare and Security MA: Addison-Wesley 4. Jones A. Kovacich G.L. Luzvick P.G. (2002) Global Information Warfare: How Businesses, Governments and Others Achieve Objectives and At